“BILINGUALISM” BY AGNES LAM

RESPECTED SIR,

            “BILINGUALISM” BY AGNES LAM

What is Bilingualism?

Definitions of bilingualism range from a minimal 

proficiency in two languages, to an advanced level of 

proficiency which allows the speaker to function and 

appear as a native-like speaker of two languages. A 

person may describe themselves as bilingual but 

may mean only the ability to converse and 

communicate orally.

Bilingual Individuals:

Bilingual individual is someone who has the ability to 


communicate two languages alternatively, even when one 


language is being used in a monolingual context. 


(Bialystok, 2007, 2010)


Such an ability or psychological state of an individual has 
been referred to as 'bilinguality'. (Hamers and Blanc 2000)

Bilingual individuals don't find it difficult to communicate in 
two languages and switch between two languages 
alternatively.



                      Bilingual Society:

A bilingual society is one in which two languages are used in 

communication. In bilingual society it is possible to have large 

number of monolinguals provided that they are enough 

bilinguals to perform the functions requiring bilingual 

competence in that society.

        Individual Bilingualism

Individual psychological state of mind who uses two 
 languages for communication purpose.

       Societal Bilingualism

In societal bilingualism community and that number of 

individual can use two languages.

Monoliguals :-

Those who Speaks only one of the tow language used in society.

Several Question Have been asked :-

 

Monolingual or Communicative norms :

Do we measure the competencies of bilingual persons 

against the respective competencies of monolingual persons 

?

If so we end up with labeling some bilinguals as perfect 

bilinguals and other as imperfect bilinguals. Another 

approach is not to apply monolingual norms in measuring 

bilingual abilities but just to evaluate the communicative 

competence of the bilingual as a Whole ( Grosjean 1992

 

Relative Competencies in two languages :

 

Is the bilingual better at one language than the other ?

If so the person has dominant bilinguality . If he or she is 

equally good at both language then the term balanced 

bilingual is used .

Domains :

can someone be considered a bilingual if he or she can only 

function in one language in a few domains (e.g. home ) ?

 

Essentially the person only has the registers or varieties of 

language associated with particular mains for different 

languages . his or her communicative abilities in one 

language complement those of the other. I would call this 

complementary bilinguality.

 

Components:

Can linguistic competence be subdivided into smaller 

components ?
 

for e.g can someone be considered a bilingual if he or she 

can comprehend both two languages but speak and write 

only one of them ? 

In such circumstances, the person can be described as a 

receptive bilingual having the ability to understand both 

languages . Otherwise .the ability to produce both languages 

in some manner is usually assumed when a person is 

identified as a bilingual.

 

Bidialectal and Bircriptural abilities are also important for individuals .

                         Approaches:

 

Linguistic Approach: Linguists differ in the importance they 

accord to bilingualism. They study the structure and 

development of the two languages.

Socio linguistics: It is a study as a whole. It looks at how 

cultures and social groups affect language performance.

Language Choice


 Language Planning

                                       Conclusion

The multifaceted nature of the phenomenon of 

bilingualism needs to be fully appreciated for any 

pedagogical programme designed to foster bilingual 

development to succeed. And the study interaction 

between linguistics, psycholinguistics, 

sociolinguistics, pedagogy and the real world of 

language politics and policy.

                                                 THANK YOU.....

“ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES” BY – LIZ HAMP – LYONS.

RESPECTED SIR,

       “ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES”

                 

                         BY – LIZ HAMP – LYONS.

                                                

                           ESP

English for Academic Purposes is not only a teaching 

approach.

It is also a branch of applied linguistics consisting of 

a significant body of research in to effective teaching 

and assessment approaches, methods of analysis of 

the academic language needs of students, analysis of 

the linguistic and discoursal structures of academic 

texts, and analysis of the textual practices of 

academics.

An EAP program focuses instruction on skills 

required to perform in an English speaking academic 

context across core subject areas generally 

encountered in a university setting.

 

                             E.A.P

 

       Background – Research – Practice

                       Background : -

  

The term EAP first come in to general use through 

the British organization Selmous which was formed 

in 1972.

The field of EAP was first characterized within a 

largerperspective by Strevens (1977). Strevens saw 

EAP as a branch of the larger field of English for 

Specific purposes or ESP.

                          

                      Strevens Subscribed

1). A move away from an emphasis on the literature 

and culture of English speakers and toward teaching 

for practical command of the language.

2). A move toward a view that the teaching of the 

language should be matched to the needs and 

purposes of the language.

                        Needs Analysis -

Is fundamental to an EAP approach to course design 

and teaching.

                                           

                     Register : -

Lexical and grammatical structural features

                                    

                      Discourse : -

 

The effect of communicative context the relationship 

between the text discourse and its speakers writers 

hearers readers.

                                              

                         Genre : -

 

How language is used in a particular setting, such 

research papers, dissertations, formal lectures.

                                            

                      Research :-

As is the case in ESP, much of the EAP materials 

development described in the practice section below 

is underpinned by work in needs analysis. Jordan 

sees four dimensions of needs :-

A). Those of the target situation.

B). Of the employer or sponsor

C). Of the student

D). And of the course designer and / or teacher.

E). Research into EAP falls within one or more of 

these areas.

 

                           Practice :-

EAP courses also typically focus attention on the 

language skills separately the rules and strategies of 

academic skills are not like those of the general 

language skills, and his is acknowledged in books 

such as

- Study Listening ( Lynch 1983)

- Study Writing .

 

                       Conclusion :-

EAP is a thriving and important aspect of TESOL 

that has so far received less attention from 

researchers than it deserves.

It is also more complex and potentially problematic 

than most English language teachers recognize at 

the beginning of their EAP teaching.

                                               THANK YOU......

“ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSE BY TONY DUDLY – EVANS”

RESPECTED SIR,

“ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSE BY TONY DUDLY – EVANS”

 

                               INTRODUCTION

 

It has developed it's own approach, materials and methodology and is generally seen as a very active, even 'feisty' movement that has had considerable influence over the more general activities of TESOL and applied linguistics. Text analysis and materials production.

                            Definition of ESP :-

 

It's teaching and materials are founded on the results of need analysis. Needs analysis is a important of ESP.

 

ESP, 1980 suggested that limited duration and adult learners. The ESP teacher needs to bear in mind and exploit of possible this specific subject knowledge leads to classroom interaction and teaching methodology.

                                Characteristic of ESP

* ESP is designed to meet the specific needs of the learner.

* ESP is use methodology and discipline.

* Skill, discourse and genres appropriate to these activities.

* ESP related to designed for specific disciplines.

* ESP used specific teaching situation , mathodology, from general English.

                     

                            TONY DUDLEY EVANS SAYS :-

 

It is usually two categories,

1). English for academic purposes.

2). English for occupational purposes.

* EAP speaks for itself.

* EOP is a more coplicated because it related to professional 

purposes.

 

                                  “ SHORT TERMS”

* EGAP :- English for genaral accademic purposes.

* EGBP :- English for genaral bussness purposes.

* ESBP :- English for specific bussness purposes.

* CBI :- Content based intruction.

* EVP :- English for vocational purposes.

                                  ESP STAP :-

1). Initial Analysis.

2). Detailed Analysis.

- Learners

- Level in English

- Weaknesses in language

- Skill needed

- Learner's perception of their needs.

                                                                                THANK YOU....

MOVIE REVIEW- ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ By Mira Nair

RESPECTED SIR,

MOVIE REVIEW- ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ By Mira 

                            Nair.

 

                            Novel by Mohsin Hamid.

 

                            Published in 2007.

‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ movie by Meera Nair.   

Changez leading protagonist character in this movie and  

so many character represented in this film like Erica 

Bobby Rainier Cris Ammi and many other. He is a very 

power full and clever person.

 This movie reflects relationship between Pakistan and 

America. As we know that America is a rich country but 

only with money and power, they don't have feeling for 

other person. So as we know that America control 

Pakistan.

And in this movie main character ‘Changez’ suffer a lot 

because he is from Pakistan and he get good job in 

America . In America he is powerful and intelligent person 

rather than other person in his office, yet he faces so 

many problems in America.

For example Changez suffer because of his outlook and 

his body checks up at airport, and it is insulting for any 

person to be naked and giving the proof that he is not 

terrorist.

So we can see power of west on east in this movie. Thus I 

like this movie and the character of Changez is an 

interesting one.

                                                            THANK YOU......

MOVIE REVIEW – “MIDNIGHT'S CHILDREN” A FILM BY DEEPA MEHTA.

 RESPECTED SIR,

MOVIE REVIEW – “MIDNIGHT'S CHILDREN” A 

                                FILM BY DEEPA MEHTA.

 

“Midnight's Children” film is the famous novel by  

Salman Rushdie. The film is directed by Deepa 

Mheta. The novel was published in 1981.

The film all about the independence and partition of 

India and Pakistan.

The film tells story of the two boys, Saleem and 

Siva. Saleem is the protagonist of the story. They are 

born at the stroke of 12 midnight on 14^th August 

1947. so symbolically we can say that it was a birth 

of two nations India and Pakistan its about 

telepathic power.

Midnight's Children's we know its all about cast 

system with richness and poorness. we know all 

story tells about two child Saleem and Siva, and 

both are born in one place in hospital. So that time 

Nurse change this two child, so rich to poor and poor 

to rich.

Saleem faces many problem when he and his family 

came to know that he is not the real son of Mr. and 

Mrs. Sinai. So Saleem says that

 

“I have many families and no families.”

So we can say that the character of Saleem is the 

victim of post colonialism.

So, this film shows the journey of two individuals 

and their struggles into their live, and we can find 

tragedy,romance and comedy also threw this film. 

And Salman Rushdie also uses magic-realism trick 

“AABRAKADABRA” which gives us aesthetic delight 

while watching the movie.

                                             THANK YOU.....

“SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION” BY DAVID NUNAN

 

 Respected sir,

 “SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION” BY DAVID NUNAN

                                         INTRODUCTION

 

David Nanun is an Australian linguist who has focused on the teaching of English.

He has began his career in teaching English as a second language in Sydney.

Before referring to SLA lets see what is first language and second language.

                              First Language (L1):-

One's native language, the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next mother tongue, natural language.

                             Second Language (L2):-

Second Language acquisition :-

 

Refer to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign languages.

There are two type of contrastive analysis hypothesis :-

1). Negative Transfer :- such an error can be explained.

2). Positive Transfer :- Rules are similar for L1 and L2.

                 PRODUCT – ORIENTED RESEARCH :-

 

During the 1970s series of empirical investigations in to learner language were carried out which became as the 'MORPHEME ORDER'.

Meaning of Morpheme Order : - “Minimum meaningful language unit”.

 

                              TWO RESEARCHES

Dulay and Bart (1974)

Rejected the Hypothesis proposing instesd a hypothesis entitled L2 acquisition equals L1 acquisition.

                          Briefly the CA states that :-

 

While the child is learning an L2 , he/she will tend to use his native language structures in his L2 speech and where structures in his L1 and his L2 differ he will goof.

Eg: - Spanish children learning English should tend to say wants Miss Jones for He wants miss Jones.

Description of Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition consist of five main hypotheses :-

1). The acquisition – Learning Hypothesis;

2). The monitor Hypothesis;

3). The natural order Hypothesis;

4). The input Hypothesis;

5). The affective filter Hypothesis;

In the 1980 Stephen Krashen the best known figure in the SLA

field.

                                         SLA :-

 

Conscious learning and Subconscious acquisition.

Conscious learning focus  on Identify instances of rules violation, Grammatical rules, Enabling to memories rules.

Subconscious acquisition is a very different process, facilitating the acquisition of rules at subconscious level.

                                           CONCLUSION

In this chapter, David Nunan was describe the emergence of SLA as a discipline from early work in CA, error analysis and inter language development.

                                                             THANK YOU........

“TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN INDIA BY KAPIL KAPOOR”.

RESPECTED SIR,

 “TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN 

INDIA BY KAPIL KAPOOR”.

                      

                          

                           INTRODUCTION

 

BORN:- 17 November 1940.

Kapil  Kapoor  is a Indian scholar. 

•  WHAT IS SECOND LANGUAGE ?

A person's second language is a language that is not the mother tongue of, but that is use in the area of that person. In contrast a foreign language is a language that is learned in an area where that language is not generally spoken.

• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ENGLISH :-

English has become center language ,so we can say it is a symbol of linguistic.

Centralism other language can be seen as a linguistic regionalism. After freedom from Britain the main two question aroused.

(1). The status of english.

(2). Relation ship of english.

Those who knew English demanded English, to achieve this conceptual structure developed and it has three parts:-

1). Modernization

2). Mythology

3). Language policy.

Kapil Kapoor used english as a WINDOW because english is a.....

1). Modern thinking

2). Science and technology

3). Language of reason

4). Language of the world

He also says that English as a library language. In higher education English will be as a library language and it. And he also gives three language formula like:-

Hindi-English-Sanskrit.

                                            CONCLUSION

“TESL” came out when English was expanding world wide since it started to be used for trade. Because of the important of this language globally, in panama, English has become the main tool, boosting the economy and tourism. There are effective techniques that teachers can apply to improve student skills.

                                               THANK YOU......